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184_notes:changing_e [2017/11/15 01:24] – [Why this Matters] caballero | 184_notes:changing_e [2021/07/22 13:47] (current) – schram45 |
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| Section 23.1 in Matter and Interactions (4th edition) |
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| /*[[184_notes:ac|Previous Page: Alternating Current]]*/ |
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===== Changing Electric Fields ===== | ===== Changing Electric Fields ===== |
We have spent the last three weeks talking about what happens when you have a changing magnetic field. We found that this changing magnetic field creates a curly electric field. A changing magnetic field then became another source of electric fields. You may then be wondering what happens if you have a changing electric field? We have already seen through Faraday's Law that electric and magnetic fields are related, so how do we account for a changing electric field? Perhaps unsurprisingly, **a changing electric field is another source of curly magnetic fields**. These notes will talk about how we amend Ampere's Law to account for a changing electric field. | We have spent the last two weeks talking about what happens when you have a changing magnetic field. We found that this changing magnetic field creates a curly electric field. A changing magnetic field then became another source of electric fields. You may then be wondering what happens if you have a changing electric field? We have already seen through Faraday's Law that electric and magnetic fields are related, so how do we account for a changing electric field? Perhaps unsurprisingly, **a changing electric field is another source of curly magnetic fields**. These notes will talk about how we amend Ampere's Law to account for a changing electric field. |
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| {{youtube>QgIz4GQgy-E}} |
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==== Extra Term to Ampere's Law ==== | ===== Extra Term to Ampere's Law ===== |
From Faraday's Law, we learned that a changing magnetic field creates a curly electric field. As a similar parallel, we are now saying that a changing electric field (with time) creates a curly magnetic field. Conveniently, we already have an equation that describes a curly magnetic field: Ampere's Law. | From Faraday's Law, we learned that a changing magnetic field creates a curly electric field. As a similar parallel, we are now saying that a changing electric field (with time) creates a curly magnetic field. Conveniently, we already have an equation that describes a curly magnetic field: Ampere's Law. |
$$\int \vec{B} \bullet d\vec{l} = \mu_0 I_{enc}$$ | $$\int \vec{B} \bullet d\vec{l} = \mu_0 I_{enc}$$ |
If you remember from a couple of weeks before, Ampere's law says that a current (the $I_{enc}$ part) will create a curly magnetic field ( the $\int \vec{B} \bullet d\vec{l}$ part). Rather than create a new equation to describe the curly magnetic field from a changing electric field, we instead just add on a term to Ampere's Law: | If you remember from a couple of weeks before, [[184_notes:motiv_amp_law|Ampere's law]] says that a current (the $I_{enc}$ part) will create a curly magnetic field ( the $\int \vec{B} \bullet d\vec{l}$ part). Rather than create a new equation to describe the curly magnetic field from a changing electric field, we instead just add on a term to Ampere's Law: |
$$\int \vec{B} \bullet d\vec{l} = \mu_0 I_{enc}+\mu_0\epsilon_0\frac{d\Phi_E}{dt}$$ | $$\int \vec{B} \bullet d\vec{l} = \mu_0 I_{enc}+\mu_0\epsilon_0\frac{d\Phi_E}{dt}$$ |
where $\mu_0$ is the same constant that we have been dealing with from the last few weeks ($\mu_0 = 4\pi\cdot 10^{-7} \frac{Tm}{A}$), $\epsilon_0$ is the same constant from the first few weeks of the semster ($\epsilon_0=8.85\cdot 10^{-12}\frac{C^2}{Nm^2}$), and $\frac{d\Phi_E}{dt}$ is the change in //electric// flux (through the Amperian Loop). | where $\mu_0$ is the same constant that we have been dealing with from the last few weeks ($\mu_0 = 4\pi\cdot 10^{-7} \frac{Tm}{A}$), $\epsilon_0$ is the same constant from the first few weeks of the semster ($\epsilon_0=8.85\cdot 10^{-12}\frac{C^2}{Nm^2}$), and $\frac{d\Phi_E}{dt}$ is the change in //electric// flux (through the Amperian Loop). |
This term that we added to Ampere's Law functions in much the same way as Faraday's law. If we can calculate the changing electric flux through a loop, then we can use that to find the magnetic field that curls around that loop. In the example below, we use a charging capacitor to illustrate how this can done; however, for the purposes of this class, we will primarily rely on this idea conceptually (rather than asking you to calculate the magnetic field from a changing electric flux). | This term that we added to Ampere's Law functions in much the same way as Faraday's law. If we can calculate the changing electric flux through a loop, then we can use that to find the magnetic field that curls around that loop. In the example below, we use a charging capacitor to illustrate how this can done; however, for the purposes of this class, we will primarily rely on this idea conceptually (rather than asking you to calculate the magnetic field from a changing electric flux). |
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==== Why this Matters ==== | ===== Why this Matters ===== |
With this final piece of the puzzle, we can actually say something really important about how electric and magnetic fields work. If we //__assume that there are no current-carrying wires nearby__//, then we have a set of two equations that say that: | With this final piece of the puzzle, we can actually say something really important about how electric and magnetic fields work. If we //__assume that there are no current-carrying wires nearby__//, then we have a set of two equations that say that: |
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==== Examples ==== | ==== Examples ==== |
| * [[:184_notes:examples:Week14_b_field_capacitor|Challenge: Magnetic Field from a Charging Capacitor]] |
| * Video Example: Magnetic Field from a Charging Capacitor |
| {{youtube>mWH9WHKFyTE?large}} |
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